…experts link rising poverty to state govts’ spending priorities
Nigeria’s three tiers of government shared a record N33.27trillion from Federation Account Allocation Committee (FAAC) in the first eleven months (January-November) of 2025, representing a 30 percent increase compared to N25.46 trillion disbursed in the same period of 2024.
According to the monthly Federation Accounts Allocation Committee (FAAC) disbursement report published by the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), this total disbursement in the period was also higher than N28.6 trillion disbursed in 2024 fiscal year.
BusinessDay’s analysis of the FAAC disbursement report, published by the NBS showed that of the total amount, the federal government received the sum N6.865 trillion, state governments received N6.713 trillion while local government allocations amounted to N4.905 trillion in the period. Cost of collection, transfers to non oil excess account, north east development commission, account for the balance N14.787 trillion.
Delta state received N594 billion, followed by Rivers, Lagos and Akwa Ibom with billion, N488 billion, N480 billion and N451 billion respectively. These were states with the highest allocation within the period.
On the second hand, states with the least allocations in the period include: Niger, Ekiti, Cross river, Gombe and Ebonyi with N113.903 billion, N119 billion, N120 billion N125 billion and N127 billion respectively.
Yet, despite these historically high inflows, evidence suggests that many state governments are prioritising politically visible projects over investments in health, education and other human development initiatives, raising questions about whether the FAAC windfall is improving citizens’ welfare.
Using BudgIT’s 2025 state of States report to assess how FAAC windfalls are being deployed, BusinessDay’s analysis shows that Nigerian states continue to under-prioritise human development, particularly healthcare, spending an average of just N3,483 per person on health in 2024 despite record revenues.
The report found that none of Nigeria’s states spent up to N10,000 per capita, and only Lagos, Bayelsa, Edo, Abia, Kwara, Niger and Delta recorded per capita spending above N5,000.
An analysis of the report shows that across the federation, states budgeted a total of N1.32 trillion for health in 2024 fiscal year, but were only able to spend N816.64 billion. This represents an overall budget performance of 61.9 percent, signalling a persistent gap between health funding plans and actual implementation.
The report notes that, on average, state-level budget performance stood at 60.7 percent, with only seven states – Yobe, Gombe, Ekiti, Lagos, Edo, Delta and Bauchi – implementing more than 80 percent of their health budgets. Yobe state recorded the highest level of performance at 98.2 percent, but the report cautions that its total health expenditure was only N13.24 billion, ranking 24th among the states in absolute terms.
In education, the states had cumulatively budgeted N2.41trillion on education for the 2024 fiscal year. However, in total, the states only spent N1.61 trillion indicating a total implementation rate of 66.9 percent.
In education spending per capita, the states had an average of N6,981. The report showed that no state spent up to N20,000 per capita.
Only Edo, Delta and Katsina implemented over 100 percent of their education budgets. Rivers, Yobe, Ekiti, Bayelsa, Bauchi and Osun implemented over 80 percent of their education budgets in 2024.
Speaking with BusinessDay, Kabir Isah, Abuja based public affairs analyst said that by failing to invest in a healthy, educated workforce, states are missing the chance to build a productive economy that doesn’t rely solely on federal handouts.
He decried that the government spending less than N4,000 on health was inadequate, and that it was fueling high out-of-pocket health spending by Nigerians and pushing more people into poverty.
“Many governors prefer ribbon-cutting projects roads, bridges, and flyovers, which are more politically visible than the long-term, invisible work of training teachers or stocking primary health centers with drugs.
“Human capital development (education and health) takes a decade to show results. Because governors operate on four-year cycles, they often lack the incentive to invest in reforms that will only benefit their successors.
“State governments often point fingers at the federal level when funds are tight, but the truth is, resources are available now. The issue isn’t a shortage of money, it is a choice of priorities” he said.
Also speaking to Businessday on the issue, Vahyala Kwaga, deputy country director for BudgIT said that the state governments’ minimal spending on health and education is a direct result of poor political culture and weak accountability mechanisms.
According to Kwaga, elected officials tend to prefer high value capital expenditure that ensures they remain popular and provide jobs for friends and cronies, while citizens-mostly unwittingly-think their Governors should provide them with the capital expenditure projects that they can see being built before their eyes.
He decried the perception by some Nigerians that governors are not working, if they are not building bridges, roads and physical structures adding that this kind of spending can be done fairly swiftly and with visible outputs while on the other hand, spending on health is not as visible.
His words: “This means citizens will spend less of their own money on out-of-pocket health demands and generally enjoy better health because the state has made up-in medicines, access to skilled medical professionals and equipment-for what citizens would have spent with their own money.
“Unfortunately, citizens may not tie their improved health conditions to government health spending because they can’t see the causal link.
“Education is somewhat worse, as it is a very long term investment that requires years to ‘show’. How long would it take to see an investment in a child? After they finish primary 3? Or would it be if they pass Common Entrance? Or is it if they can read and write at an advanced level? Most citizens would not have the long term orientation to follow this. Besides, Governors think in 4-year cycles and this can stretch for much longer than that,” he said.
Kwaga speaking further said that accountability mechanisms are few and generally ineffective in the state levels. He however noted that the first and most important mechanism for accountability is the State House of Assembly.
For him, state legislatures are barely autonomous and as such cannot provide the needed check on the governance and policies of the Executive. He added that in many ways, they are more symbolic as their key function has been relegated to mainly law-making while the indispensable act of keeping the Executive on their toes is largely absent.
“They are the arm of government constitutionally empowered to be the ‘check and balance’ to the State executive. They have the power to summon any state official (including the Governor) and they have the power to call for any critical fiscal or M&E document for them to ensure the executive is implementing public policy for the benefit of the citizens (and in line with the state medium term plans).
“They are also the direct representatives of the people, so they should always have first hand evidence on the health and education profile of their constituents. As a result, they should be able to use the evidence from their constituents to challenge the Executive on the quality of governance.
“Citizens should ensure that as we prepare for elections, they demand and insist on candidates that will act differently. Citizens should insist on political aspirants making credible commitments to how they will govern differently and accountably if they are elected,” he further stressed.
Auwal Musa Rafsanjani, executive director, Civil Society Legislative Advocacy Centre (CISLAC), blamed poor spending on critical infrastructure on weak accountability mechanism in states.
According to Rafsanjani, there has been prevalence of corruption in states government, coupled with inefficiency and inability of relevant institutions to rise up and demand for accountability.
His words: “The state assembly, the civil society, the media and the general public generally are not able to demand for accountability and therefore the state governors, because of the inability of the state assembly and the civil society as well as the media, the state governors are doing whatever they like and that’s very sad.
“The mechanism to drive accountability with the public resources is not mainstream in governance and therefore something need to be done to revitalize and mainstream accountability in governance at the state level. This means that the state assembly needs to improve their capacity to be able to interrogate expenditure, spending by state governors.
He warned that weak investigative reporting and a largely inactive civil society have allowed poor accountability at the state level to persist, enabling wasteful spending and leakages to continue unchecked.
He argued that stronger accountability mechanisms are needed to monitor state expenditures, with the media and civil society playing a more active role in scrutinising spending and pushing for better use of public resources.
