Nigeria has been taking steps to overhaul its education system through skills development as part of efforts to tackle high youth unemployment.
The new curriculum for Nigeria’s education system is a welcome step towards making education more relevant to work. But Germany’s experience shows that building a sustainable apprenticeship system requires deep investment, industry collaboration, and constant renewal.
If Nigeria can embed these principles, vocational training could move from being a stopgap to becoming a cornerstone of economic growth, producing not just job seekers, but skilled workers and innovators ready to shape the country’s future.
The press release by the Federal Ministry of Education in Nigeria highlighted the new vocational subjects that were added to the basic education curriculum. Trade subjects for non-technical schools were streamlined from over thirty to six practical areas: Solar PV installation and maintenance, fashion design and garment making, livestock farming, beauty and cosmetology, computer hardware and GSM repairs, and horticulture and crop production. In addition, the National Business and Technical Examinations Board (NABTEB) will now administer 28 revamped trade subjects for technical colleges. WAEC and NECO subjects were aligned to reflect the revised structure, focusing on core areas and relevant trades.
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Speaking on the reform, Tunji Alausa, minister of education, said the new curriculum will allow children to learn in a more focused and functional way without the burden of too many subjects, while teachers will benefit from a simpler structure, and government resources can be better directed toward building a stronger, skill-driven education system.
Yet, while the direction is promising, successful implementation requires more than policy declarations. Germany’s apprenticeship model, regarded as the ‘gold standard’ of vocational training, provides both inspiration and cautionary lessons.
What Germany’s model shows
For decades, Germany’s ‘Ausbildung’ system formed the backbone of its industrial success. It operates as a dual training model as apprentices spend part of their time in vocational schools learning theory and the rest gaining hands-on experience in a workplace.
It had its roots in the medieval guild system but was formally codified and standardised with the passage of the Vocational Training Act in 1969.
Crucially, apprentices earn wages while training, reducing financial barriers to participation.
The system historically supplied industries such as engineering, manufacturing, and hospitality with skilled workers, helping Germany maintain one of the lowest youth unemployment rates in Europe. At its peak, for every 100 university students, there were 75 apprentices, reflecting the system’s prestige and popularity.
But challenges emerged. A 2024 survey by the German Chamber of Commerce and Industry revealed that nearly half of companies offering apprenticeships could not fill their slots. In some sectors, like construction and hospitality, positions remain vacant despite labour shortages.
European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training noted that despite 350,000 apprentices in the craft sector in 2024, the German Confederation of Skilled Crafts (ZDH) reported over 20,000 unfilled positions. This shortage is concerning, as many of the 130 recognised skilled crafts apprenticeships are crucial for driving technological change.
The challenges point to demographic pressures, cultural shift towards university education, and slow curriculum adaptation to digital industries, which are all eroding the model’s effectiveness.
For Nigeria, these struggles are instructive. The lesson is clear: a strong apprenticeship framework must adapt quickly to technological shifts and demographic realities, or risk losing relevance.
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Adapting the framework to Nigeria
Nigeria already has a National Skills Qualification Framework (NSQF) to standardise technical training, but its reach is limited. A German-style dual system could build on this by formally linking schools, industries, and government in a three-way partnership. Employers would need incentives to take on apprentices, while schools would be tasked with delivering industry-relevant curricula.
Nigeria’s high-growth sectors, renewable energy, ICT, construction, agriculture and health, could become the testing ground. For example, just as Germany built strong apprenticeship tracks in engineering and automotive industries, Nigeria could prioritise structured training for solar technicians, software developers, and agro-processors. These are roles likely to expand with domestic demand and global trends.
The teacher’s challenge
Teachers sit at the centre of both Germany’s and Nigeria’s systems. Germany has 3,600 vocational schools, but educators there now complain of outdated curricula and uneven classroom standards. In some schools, cohorts are increasingly mixed, ranging from school-leavers to university graduates and migrants with limited German proficiency. Teachers argue that this has made it difficult to maintain consistent quality.
Nigeria faces a sharper version of this problem: a projected shortfall of 30 million teachers by 2030. As Abdullahi Bature, CEO of Schoola, stressed, “We need big investment around supporting teachers. They need digital literacy, and more importantly, artificial intelligence (AI) literacy.” If Germany, with its long-established infrastructure, is struggling to keep teacher quality high, Nigeria cannot afford to neglect teacher training at this critical stage.
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Pay, mobility and incentives
Another lesson from Germany lies in pay and mobility. Apprentices in Germany earn between €500 and €900 a month, depending on the sector and size of the firm. While not high, this wage makes training more accessible. Nigerian apprenticeships often pay little or nothing, discouraging participation. Without financial incentives, the system risks being seen as exploitative rather than empowering.
Germany also demonstrates the value of mobility within training. Some companies now experiment with ‘micromobility’, offering apprentices short-term projects across departments. This builds adaptability and keeps young people curious. Nigeria could adopt similar approaches, encouraging apprentices to rotate between roles, for instance, in ICT, between coding, product design and data analysis to broaden skills and resilience.
Policy and funding consistency
Funding remains a major stumbling block for Nigeria. Technical training requires costly equipment, workshops, and industry partnerships. Germany’s model is expensive, but consistent state investment, employer buy-in, and strong union involvement helped sustain it for decades.
For Nigeria, the priority must be agility: reforms must be regularly reviewed and updated to keep pace with labour market needs.
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How Germany is closing the gap and what Nigeria can learn from
While international comparisons are valuable, Nigeria must ultimately define its own pathway. Bature insists, “I don’t believe we need our content to be global standard. It should be our own Nigerian standard.” This means tailoring vocational training to Nigeria’s demographic realities, cultural expectations, and economic strengths.
Germany’s apprenticeship model remains a powerful example, but it is not a blueprint to be copied wholesale. Nigeria can learn from its strengths, structured partnerships, earning while learning, and prestige attached to technical skills, while avoiding its current pitfalls of demographic decline, outdated curricula, and waning appeal among the youth.
For example, Germany’s shortage of apprentices was due to image issues, lack of early exposure, weak recruitment by small firms, and stereotypes.
Now the country is working to close gaps in skilled craft apprenticeships by engaging young people earlier and modernising the sector’s image, which Nigeria can learn from.
Some of its initiatives are ‘Small hands, big future’ (Kleine Hände, grosse Zukunft) and ‘Make something!’ (Mach was!) introduce children and pupils to crafts through practical projects.
Digital and in-person formats like ‘MasterPOWER’ and ‘Crafts mobile’ (Handwerksmobil) combine learning software with hands-on workshops. The ‘Crafts go to school’ (Handwerk macht Schule) programme also links craft themes with school curricula.
To inspire young people, campaigns such as ‘Power People in Skilled Craft’ (Power People im Handwerk) and ‘Skilled Craft Makers’ (Handwerks Macher:innen) use influencers to promote diversity and challenge stereotypes, while the ‘Skilled Crafts Miss & Mister’ (Handwerks Miss & Mister) event selects ambassadors for the sector. Creativity is showcased through the ‘Design Talents in Crafts North Rhine-Westphalia’ (DesignTalente Handwerk Nordrhein-Westfalen) competition.
Nigerians can learn from these measures, which aim to spark early interest, highlight diversity and creativity, and present crafts as modern and future-oriented careers.
